The mechanistic bases of thermal acclimation of net photosynthetic rate (A n ) are still difficult to discern, and the data sets available are scarce, particularly for hybrid poplar. In the present study, we examined the contribution of a number of biochemical and biophysical traits on thermal acclimation of A n for two hybrid poplar clones. We grew cuttings of Populus maximowiczii × Populus nigra (M×N) and Populus maximowiczii × Populus balsamifera (M×B) clones under two day/night temperature of 23°C/18°C and ?33°C /27°C and under low and high soil nitrogen level. After ten weeks, we measured leaf RuBisCO (RAR) and RuBisCO activase (RARCA) amounts and the temperature response of A n , dark respiration (R d ), stomatal conductance, (g s ), apparent maximum carboxylation rate of CO 2 (V cmax ) and apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate (J). Results showed that a 10°C increase in growth temperature resulted in a shift in thermal optimum (T opt ) of A n of 6.2±1.6 °C and 8.0±1.2 °C for clone M×B and M×N respectively, and an increased A n and g s at the growth temperature for clone M×B but not M×N. RuBisCO amount was increased by N level but was insensitive to growth temperature while RARCA amount and the ratio of its short to long isoform was stimulated by the warm condition for clone M×N and at low N for clone M×B. The activation energy of apparent V cmax and apparent J decreased under the warm condition for clone M×B and remained unchanged for clone M×N. Our study demonstrated the involvement of both RARCA, the activation energy of apparent V cmax and stomatal conductance in thermal acclimation of A n © 2019 Benomar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Background

Cumulative impacts of wildfires and forest harvesting can cause shifts from closed-crown forest to open woodland in boreal ecosystems. To lower the probability of occurrence of such catastrophic regime shifts, forest logging must decrease when fire frequency increases, so that the combined disturbance rate does not exceed the Holocene maximum. Knowing how climate warming will affect fire regimes is thus crucial to sustainably manage the forest. This study aimed to provide a guide to determine sustainable forest harvesting levels, by reconstructing the Holocene fire history at the northern limit of commercial forestry in Quebec using charcoal particles preserved in lake sediments.

Methods

Sediment cores were sampled from four lakes located close to the northern limit of commercial forestry in Quebec. The cores were sliced into consecutive 0.5 cm thick subsamples from which 1 cm3 was extracted to count and measure charcoal particles larger than 150 microns. Age-depth models were obtained for each core based on accelerator mass spectroscopy (AMS) radiocarbon dates. Holocene fire histories were reconstructed by combining charcoal counts and age-depth models to obtain charcoal accumulation rates and, after statistical treatment, long-term trends in fire occurrence (expressed as number of fires per 1000 years).

Results

Fire occurrence varied between the four studied sites, but fires generally occurred more often during warm and dry periods of the Holocene, especially during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (7000–3500 cal. BP), when fire occurrence was twice as high as at present.

Conclusions

The current fire regime in the study area is still within the natural range of variability observed over the Holocene. However, climatic conditions comparable to the Holocene Thermal Maximum could be reached within the next few decades, thus substantially reducing the amount of wood available to the forest industry.

Wildfire activity in North American boreal forests increased during the last decades of the 20th century, partly owing to ongoing human-caused climatic changes. How these changes affect regional fire regimes (annual area burned, seasonality, and number, size, and severity of fires) remains uncertain as data available to explore fire–climate–vegetation interactions have limited temporal depth. Here we present a Holocene reconstruction of fire regime, combining lacustrine charcoal analyses with past drought and fire-season length simulations to elucidate the mechanisms linking long-term fire regime and climatic changes. We decomposed fire regime into fire frequency (FF) and biomass burned (BB) and recombined these into a new index to assess fire size (FS) fluctuations. Results indicated that an earlier termination of the fire season, due to decreasing summer radiative insolation and increasing precipitation over the last 7.0 ky, induced a sharp decrease in FF and BB ca. 3.0 kyBP toward the present. In contrast, a progressive increase of FS was recorded, which is most likely related to a gradual increase in temperatures during the spring fire season. Continuing climatic warming could lead to a change in the fire regime toward larger spring wildfires in eastern boreal North America.

La forêt boréale du Québec fait face à une pression de plus en plus importante de l'industrie forestière, qui étend ses pratiques vers le nord. Le milieu socio-économique suggère une extension plus au nord de la limite nordique de la forêt boréale commerciale, alors que le milieu environnemental milite plutôt pour un réajustement vers le sud de la limite. Dans ce contexte, pour limiter l'impact des activités anthropiques sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes, une des stratégies est de faire en sorte que leurs effets ne dépassent pas les limites de variabilité des perturbations naturelles. Pour ce faire, il est primordial de développer des stratégies d'aménagement forestier durable qui prennent ancrage dans une solide connaissance de la dynamique des perturbations naturelles. Le feu est le principal régime de perturbation de la forêt boréale. Or, ce régime de perturbation et l'influence du climat sur celui-ci est encore peu documenté à la limite nordique de la forêt commerciale québécoise, à une large échelle spatio-temporelle.

Les objectifs de ce projet de maîtrise consistaient, d'une part, à caractériser la dynamique des incendies forestiers à l'échelle de l'Holocène. La reconstitution des feux a été réalisée par le biais de l'analyse des charbons de bois préservés dans les sédiments de quatre lacs situés au nord de la ville de Chibougamau. D'autre part, ce mémoire visait à évaluer l'impact du climat et des facteurs locaux sur le régime des feux.

Le climat régional et les facteurs locaux influencent le régime des feux à la limite nordique de la forêt boréale commerciale au Québec. L'occurrence des feux a connu des augmentations importantes durant les périodes chaudes et sèches de l'Holocène, notamment au cours de l'Optimum climatique holocène et l'Optimum climatique médiéval. Les feux ont été moins fréquents durant les quatre derniers millénaires comparativement à l'Holocène moyen (7000 à 4000 cal. BP).

Les fréquences de feux enregistrées durant les derniers siècles demeurent encore à l'intérieur de la variabilité naturelle à l'échelle de l'Holocène. Toutefois, si l'augmentation de température prévue pour les prochaines décennies n'est pas compensée par une augmentation des précipitations, le scénario holocène se répétera et l'occurrence des feux augmentera à la limite nordique de la forêt boréale commerciale au Québec, limitant la marge de manoeuvre pour la récolte forestière.