There are ongoing debates among different stakeholders about which forest and ungulate management strategies will sustain high levels of timber and animal harvest and maintain important ecosystem functions under climate change. Ungulate-forest interactions are complex, including periods where forest regeneration is sensitive to browsing pressure, making it difficult to predict the consequences of a given strategy over time. To aid decision-making, we simulated the impacts of moose browsing on forest succession under 18 different combinations of moose (Alces alces) harvest rate levels and forest management scenarios in a boreal forest landscape in southern Sweden given projected changes in forest growth due to climate change. We found that the current management practices are important for sustaining a moose-forest system. Increasing moose harvest rates led to slightly smaller moose populations, larger estimates of landscape carrying capacity, and less biomass removal of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), a commercially valuable species. However, minor changes in the moose harvest were hardly affecting timber production. Increasing the timber harvest rotation time led to the highest estimates of Scots pine biomass, while thinning younger cohorts lead to the highest estimates of Norway spruce (Picea abies) biomass. These changes came without much effect to moose population dynamics. However, the increased broadleaf production scenario had a very large positive effect on total aboveground live biomass of deciduous species and on landscape carrying capacity and moose density. This scenario subsequently resulted in the greatest estimates of biomass removal of Scots pine, highlighting the tradeoffs associated with increased moose production.

Understanding the drivers of variation in water use of urban trees is essential to estimate and predict tree survival, health, and provision of ecosystem services now and in the near future characterised by more frequent droughts. Urban tree water status and water use vary within the urban mosaic of diverse microclimates and growth conditions, distinguished for example by the proportion of impervious surfaces that increase temperature but decrease water availability. We compared tree water status and water use dynamics between two urban environments in terms of impervious surfaces and microclimate: parks and streets. To do this, we tracked mid-day leaf water potential (WPMD) and sap flow in five common broadleaf deciduous species in Montreal, Canada, over two growing seasons (2020 and 2021). In both years WPMD and in 2021 sap flow were higher in the park than in street trees during the early summer. Yet, towards late summer 2021 dry periods and a cumulative deficit of precipitation decreased WPMD and sap flow among park trees, whereas street trees maintained relatively stable WPMD and sap flow. In conclusion, park trees were more vulnerable to dry conditions, while street trees appeared to be protected against drought potentially by more stable access to water or by water-use acclimations.